Converting Wavelength to Frequency of Light

This example problem demonstrates how to find the frequency of light from the wavelength. Wavelength is the distance or length between the peaks, troughs, or other fixed points on a wave. Frequency is the rate at which successive peaks, valleys, or points pass per second. Wavelength to Frequency Problem The Aurora Borealis is a night display in the Northern latitudes caused by ionizing radiation interacting with the Earths magnetic field and the upper atmosphere. The distinctive green color is caused by the interaction of the radiation with oxygen and has a wavelength of 5577 Ã…. What is the frequency of this light? Solution The speed of light, c, is equal to the product of the wavelength, ÃŽ », and the frequency, ÃŽ ½.ThereforeÃŽ ½ c/ÃŽ »ÃŽ ½ 3 x 108 m/sec/(5577 Ã… x 10-10 m/1 Ã…)ÃŽ ½ 3 x 108 m/sec/(5.577 x 10-7ÃŽ ½ 5.38 x 1014 Hz Answer: The frequency of the 5577 Ã… light is ÃŽ ½ 5.38 x 1014 Hz.

The Portrayal of Portia in William Shakespeares The...

The Portrayal of Portia in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice In the merchant of Venice, Shakespeare portrays Portia to be a person of mixed characters, her attitude and mood seems to change with every scene. However, she is always seen by us as being pleasant and polite. Shakespeare portrays Portia’s character through other characters as well as directly, Nerissa is used almost as a comparison to which we can judge Portia, and by observing other character’s references to her, we can also build up a more detailed mage of her personality. Portia is first introduced to us by Shakespeare in Scene 2, This scene gives us a basic idea of her personality, and through her speeches, Shakespeare†¦show more content†¦But however keen to follow her fathers will, she is very blatantly judgemental, and she talks openly about how she remembers him favourably. Shakespeare often includes indirect compliments towards Portia through other characters, and nearing the end of this scene, Nerissa remarks, â€Å"True madam, he of all men that ever my foolish eyes looked upon, was the best deserving a fair lady†. The intelligence that Shakespeare adds to Portia’s character at the beginning of the play is again used nearing the end of the play, and although her character is consistently presented as witty by Shakespeare, this wittiness is presented in a far more prominent manner in this scene. This wit and ability to trick others is presented most strongly when she puts a twist on shylocks bond. First Shakespeare makes Portia lull Shylock into a false sense of security by ‘accepting’ that by law shylock is indeed entitled to the taking of 1 pound of Antonio’s flesh, and she then finds a loophole in the law by which not only to spare Antonio’s life, but also to criminalise shylock. This shows incredible wit and her ability to think on the spot and is shown by this paragraph; â€Å"Tarry a little, there is something else. This bond doth give thee here no jot ofShow MoreRelatedThe Merchant of Venice: Self-Interest versus Love Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there are many fundamental themes in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, only one seems to drive the play to its inevitable conclusion. There is a constant theme of self-interest versus love. On the surface, this seems to be the dividing factors between the Christians and the Jew. Shylock is portrayed to only care about money and profits, while the Christians are shown as people who value human relationships more. Examples of this theme are shown through Shylock’s behaviour, the manyRead MoreDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice893 Words   |  4 PagesDetermining Whether there is a Presence of Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice It is quite clear when reading The Merchant of Venice that there is a large focus on Shylock being a Jew. This is very prominent in his I am a Jew speech he, the Jewish moneylender, angry and betrayed, rails against the non-Jewish world which torments him. Antonio hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned myRead MoreCritique Of The Constancy Upon Women At The Time in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice875 Words   |  4 PagesCritique Of The Constancy Upon Women At The Time in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice In the merchant of Venice Shakespeare has presented three main women characters. These three characters are, Portia, Jessica and Nerissa. Each of these characters come with a different area of society. Women in the time this was set, were not aloud to do anything. They were treated badly, and couldnt chose there own decisions. Shakespeare has made this play to show people inRead More The Charater of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice1583 Words   |  7 PagesThe Charater of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice In his chapter â€Å"Shakespeare and Dissident Reading,† Alan Sinfield argues that viewing Shylock as anything but an evil villain is â€Å"achieved only by leaning, tendentiously, on the text† (Sinfield 1994, 6). This is an oversimplification of Shylock’s character as portrayed in The Merchant of Venice. Sinfield portrays Shylock as static and unchanging. However, emotions and portrayal of Shylock are not as forward as Sinfield claims. ConstantlyRead More Portrayal of Women in William Shakespeares Plays Essay3560 Words   |  15 PagesWilliam Shakespeares characterization of women varies immensely from one comedy to another. In his works, Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice, and Much Ado About Nothing, he portrays both dominant and submissive women. Ultimately, Shakespeare examines the complexity of women by displaying the vast array of attitudes, emotions, and their treatment and reaction to men as well as refuting the typical subservient wife role. In Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew, the difficultiesRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock as rapacious and cruel is in the traditional style of an Elizabethan villain. A modern audience could argue that he has also humanised Shylock, and therefore gained some sympathy for his actions. From your reading of the â€Å"Merchant of Venice† examine these diverse reactions to the complex characterisation of Shylock. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock is unconditionally evil, and a Read MoreThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay example2165 Words   |  9 Pageswas a great writer and she used to write poetry and speeches and similarly there was a great flourishing in the field of literature in this era specially poetry and drama. There have been great writers in this era, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, John Donne are to name a few. However, when one talks about the drama of Elizabethan age, Shakespeare stands out the rest of the poets and playwrights. He marked his name as one of the biggest playwright as he was incredibly versatileRead MoreMerchant of Venice: Dehumanization of Shylock1540 Words   |  7 PagesNot Change Discrimination and hatred across religions can be often become a normal part of everyday life, and can be difficult to eradicate and extinguish. In William Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, the idea of the â€Å"normality† of everyday prejudices comes across in interactions and the portrayal of Shylock, a Jewish moneylender in Venice. Through Shylock’s character, Shakespeare provides a commentary on how his society has viewed Judaism in a dehumanizing way for many generations, but also expressesRead MoreShylock as a Villian or Victim in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare1510 Words   |  7 PagesShylock as a Villian or Victim in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare The Merchant Of Venice is the story of Antonio, a merchant, borrowing money from Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, in order to fund his best friend Bassanio’s romantic ambitions. Like the majority of the habitants of Venice, Antonio is Christian. At the time of the play, the sixteenth century, there was a huge abhorrence against those who were not Christian. As Antonio needed money quickly he hadRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice By Michael Radford1886 Words   |  8 Pages Shakespeare is known for the creativity and timelessness of his plays. The play The Merchant of Venice definitely captures the essence of universality. Different groups of people, even individuals, can connect to the character Shylock. Each person has their own view or interpretation of who Shylock is and what he represents. The movie The Merchant of Venice, directed by Michael Radford, portrays Shylock as a victim who suffers from violent discrimination. He finally retaliates only to find that

Foundational Psychology and Psychiatry

Question: Discuss about the Foundational Psychology and Psychiatry. Answer: Introduction The learning process in children differs on the basis of their age and development at that age. Child development is the process of emotional, physical, intellectual and social development as they grow up. The early years of a childs life are most critical to shape their intellectual development and thought pattern (Campbell et al., 2014). Learning at this stage has a direct impact on the minds of children and it is important for primary teachers to plan teaching strategies based on developmental needs of children at different stage of life (Charlesworth, 2013). With this context, the main purpose of this report is to analyze the case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher in Singapore who is facing problem in managing children between 10-12 years in class and she wants to modify their behavior in class so that they engage in their class lessons and homework. The report analyzes the scenario by means of operant conditioning and proposes possible intervention to bring behavioral c hange in children. The thesis statement for the report is research on children between 10-12 years in Singapore and determining the suitability of the Operant Conditioning as an approach to behavioral change in this classroom. Evaluation of the scenario The report is on the case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher teaching Primary 5 students. Since she had started teaching, she has observed that the children do not participate in class discussion and often stare blankly at her when she asks them questions. In this situation she is facing challenges in managing the class. The children are inattentive in class and they do not complete their assignment and home work very often. Jane is concerned that this form of lack of participation may defeat the purpose of teaching and therefore she wants to change and modify their behavior. To modify the behavior of this children between 10-12 years of age, it is necessary to analyze the behavior of this children and their typical class room behavior in Singapore. Considering the situation of primary education in Singapore, it can be said that primary schooling in Singapore begins at the age of six. The curriculum for primary education is classified into two stages- The foundation stage- for children in Primary 1 to Primary 4 The orientation stage- for children in primary 5 to 6 In the foundation stage, teachers in Singapore focus on basic learning skill of children such as English and Mathematics. In the orientation stage, the curriculum is decided basis of academic and language ability of children (Leeds.ac.uk 2016).To facilitate better learning and development in children, it is necessary for teachers to understand the class behavior typical of children between 10-12 years. The research on class room behavior of primary school children in Singapore reveals that teachers often face problem in class as children engage in disruptive conversation and its affects their learning in class. Many teachers also revealed that they found disrespecting teachers as the most unacceptable behavior of children. Children in primary class might engage in such behavior in class because they might be finding the lesson boring or their might mind be distracted by some ideas which they share with their classmates in the middle of class (Sun Shek, 2012). However, arguing back w ith teachers refers to the family and cultural values of this children. Teachers also reported observation of behaviors like non-attentiveness, failure in completing assignment and passive engagement in class in this age group. Some children engage in physical or verbal aggression in class, while some display non-verbal communication and eating/drinking in class (Peer Fraser, 2015). Another research tried to find the reason for takes-avoidant behavior and poor academic performance in primary school children. It gave the implication that such behaviorare influenced by developmental dynamics of school children in early years of life (Metspelto et al., 2015). Jane need to identify teaching strategy based on the development and learning needs of a child at this stage. The management of classroom behavior can be done by the use of operant conditioning theory which is based on the idea that a behavior can be modified by means of reward or punishment and it can be controlled by discriminatory stimuli (Henton Iversen, 2012).. In the case scenario of Jane, the lessons in class is the discriminatory stimuli and the behavior of children that needs to be changes is the problem of inattentive behavior and class room engagement in children between 10-12 years. To modify childrens behavior according to positive and negative enforcement, it is necessary to understand the social and cognitive development of children at this stage. Children between 10-12 years of age are at the stage of early adolescence when they are just beginning to cope with hormonal changes and getting influenced by the values and belief of their parents and friends (Edelstein, Keller, Schrder, 2014). According to Piagets theory of child development, the development of children between 10-12 years comes under concrete operational stage. According to Piaget, children in this stage start solving problem on the basis of concrete events. They can engage in inductive reasoning but they struggle in deductive reasoning (Modgil, Modgil, Brown, 2013).Therefore, in case of scenario of Jane, her children in class might be attentive because they may not be able to figure out the logic behind any lesson. Hence, to modify their behavior, Jane can apply operant conditioning technique to encourage positive learning behavior in children. By this approach, Jane can make children attentive in class by positive enforcement like rewards or giving lesson according to the mind set up of children at that stage. Jane can use the following techniques of operant conditioning in the classroom to engage children in class lessons and make them attentive: Use of positive enforcement to modify behavior of children- Children may bored by monotony is the class and their behavior of inattentiveness can be modified by Jane by bringing fun in class by ways of strategies like giving candies to children on right response to answer and appreciation or clap for those students who solves class lesson faster than others. This form of tactics will influence all children and they will automatically pay attention to class to get the rewards and benefits from their teachers. Hence, by means of positive enforcement, the children will repeat good behavior of they are rewarded (Ayers, Gray, 2013). Praising children in class can also act as a means of modifying students behavior and it will encourage other children to continuously improve their learning too. Praise can be given in class by means of clapping or cheering for the children in whole class. While asking any question to children, Jane can encourage children by means of expression like great answer or great effort and then explaining the right answer. By this technique, one child will be influenced by other classmates and they will also try their best to impress their teacher in next class or lesson (Evertson Weinstein, 2013). Use of this positive approach by Jane will helps her to nurture her students in class and facilitate learning development in them. In case of giving rewards, it is also necessary to keep in mind that any rewards should not be repeated. Children in early adolescence get bored from same attractions very soon and teachers should always try to bring some new mode of rewards to sustain the good behavior in children. The type of reward can be changes from time to time such as giving extra play time, stickers, special game tickets, certificate and position of responsibility to children. The frequency and level of awards can be modified by on the basis of severity of behavior in children (Collins Cook, 2016). Use of negative enforcement to eliminate bad behaviors in classroom- Jane can modify the habit of keeping quiet and staring in classroom by issuing sanctions or punishment for such behavior. In that case, children are less likely to repeat such behavior. A consistency between awards and punishment is necessary to sustain change and enable effective learning in children (Vancraeyveldt et al., 2015). However, in case of negative behavior, Jane must ensure that she does not spoil the relationship with children by heating or raising voice on children. The humanistic approach to teaching primary school children is to keep them motivate in class by showing empathy to children and delivering classroom lessons in enthusiastic and fun manner (Shokouhi, Limberg, Armstrong, 2014). In case of children who are still and stare at teacher, Jane can positively bring their attention back to lessons by supportive strategies like standing next to the child while giving instruction or telling the child directly to do any task in front of them. Such children may panic by this approach, however use of friendly attitude and empathetic expression can help the child overcome his or her shyness or anxiety in responding to lessons (Rapport, Kofler, Alderson, 2016). Evaluation of operant conditioning theory From the analysis of teaching strategy recommended for modifying classroom behavior of children between 10-12 years, it can be said that the principle of operant conditioning theory will help Jane to bring behavioral change in the primary 5 students. The use of positive enforcers like rewards, tokens and appreciation will enable effective learning in class by means of participation and engagement of children. There are four context of operant conditioning theory such as the positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment. Positive enforcement is used to bring positive behavior and all other are used to prevent negative behavior in individual. With this approach, children will easily get attracted to lessons and take part in class discussions too. On comparison of all learning and development theories, it can be said that Skinners operant conditioning is based on behaviorism approach while the Piaget and Vygotskys cognitive development theory is based on constructivism approach. The advantage of operant conditioning theory is that use of positive enforcement acts as source to motivate children to adopt good behavior. This theory will be useful in controlling certain behavior in children and promoting their interest in learning (Gazzaniga Heatherton, 2015).On the contrary, Piaget theory believes that development in children does not occur by means of positive and negative reinforcement, but also it is achieved through observation (Scholnick, 2013).Vygotsky explains cognitive development and learning in children is achieved through interaction with knowledgeable and intellectual member in the society (Lantolf et al., 2015). Hence, this concept of operational conditioning theory is different from other theories and it has the ma ximum possibility of modifying change in behavior of children. Kohlbergs theory was an extension of Piagets moral development theory which revealed that moral development in children can occur either negatively or positively through different stages in their life span. This is similar to operant conditioning theory as this theory also deals with behavior on the basis of good or behavior. However, one disadvantage of operant conditioning theory is that this theory is not always good because a child cannot be engaged in positive behavior continuously by means of reward. The reward may extinct after some time and childs good behavior should not always be dependent on rewards. Despite this weakness, operant conditioning technique is beneficial for the case scenario of Jane, because is Jane is willing to modify behavior of those children who have low level of thinking and learning. Use of operant conditioning approach will help such children to move from level of low learning to high thinking pattern and learning. Conclusion The detailed report based on analysis of case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher summarizes the typical classroom behavior observed in children between 10-12 years and how operant conditioning approach can be a useful approach to modify the behavior in classroom. The explanation of techniques that can be used by Jane to encourage participation of children in class revealed that this can be achieved by modifying the teaching style and providing positive enforcers to students (Kaplan Patrick, 2016). The suitability of this theory in relation to the case scenario was accurately discussed by comparison with other development theory. Reference Ayers, H., Gray, F. (2013).Classroom management: a practical approach for primary and secondary teachers. Routledge. Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., Pan, Y. (2014). Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health.Science,343(6178), 1478-1485. Charlesworth, R. (2013).Understanding child development. Cengage Learning. Collins, L. W., Cook, L. (2016). Never Say Never: The Appropriate and Inappropriate Use of Praise and Feedback for Students with Learning and Behavioral Disabilities. InInstructional Practices with and without Empirical Validity(pp. 153-173). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Edelstein, W., Keller, M., Schrder, E. (2014). Child development and social structure: A longitudinal study of individual differences.Paul B. Baltes/David L. Featherman/Richard M. Lerner: Life-span development and behavior. Bd,10, 151-185. Evertson, C. M., Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues. Routledge. Gazzaniga, M., Heatherton, T. (2015).Psychological Science: Fifth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Henton, W. W., Iversen, I. H. (2012).Classical conditioning and operant conditioning: A response pattern analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Kaplan, A., Patrick, H. (2016). Learning Environments and Motivation.Handbook of Motivation at School, 251. Lantolf, J. P., Thorne, S. L., Poehner, M. E. (2015). Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, 207-226. Leeds.ac.uk. (2016).A Survey of Classroom Practices in Singapore - Preliminary Findings. [online] Available at: https://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/000000327.htm [Accessed 22 Dec. 2016]. Metspelto, R. L., Pakarinen, E., Kiuru, N., Poikkeus, A. M., Lerkkanen, M. K., Nurmi, J. E. (2015). Developmental dynamics between childrens externalizing problems, task-avoidant behavior, and academic performance in early school years: A 4-year follow-up.Journal of Educational Psychology,107(1), 246. Modgil, S., Modgil, C., Brown, G. (Eds.). (2013).Jean Piaget. Routledge. Peer, J., Fraser, B. J. (2015). Sex, grade-level and stream differences in learning environment and attitudes to science in Singapore primary schools.Learning Environments Research,18(1), 143-161. Rapport, M., Kofler, M., Alderson, R. (2016). Quantifying ADHD classroom inattentiveness, its moderators, and variability.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines,49(1). Scholnick, E. K. (Ed.). (2013).New trends in conceptual representation: Challenges to Piaget's theory. Psychology Press. Shokouhi, A. M., Limberg, D., Armstrong, S. A. (2014). Counseling preadolescents: Utilizing developmental cues to guide therapeutic approaches.International Journal of Play Therapy,23(4), 217. Sun, R. C., Shek, D. T. (2012). Student classroom misbehavior: an exploratory study based on teachers' perceptions.The Scientific World Journal,2012. Vancraeyveldt, C., Verschueren, K., Wouters, S., Van Craeyevelt, S., Van den Noortgate, W., Colpin, H. (2015). Improving teacher-child relationship quality and teacher-rated behavioral adjustment amongst externalizing preschoolers: Effects of a two-component intervention.Journal of abnormal child psychology,43(2), 243-257.

Ethics And Professional Practice Assignment- Free Sample

Abstract The dynamics of the business and the environment has changed in last decade. There have been cases where the attention has been drawn on the scandals, and issues in the governance due to unethical behaviour of the employees. The idea behind this research paper is to draw the attention on the modes in which the ethics of the employees can be measured and governed. The research takes into consideration the myths associated with the ethics and the management and leadership to govern the culture. The research recommends proactive approach by the leaders for the issues. Introduction There have been numerous instances in the twenty first century that has resulted in the losses expanding to millions due to the unethical behaviour of the employees. These problems have again made the researchers think about the issues related to ethics and the behaviour of the employees coupled with the responses of managers to deal with these problems (Robinson Bennett, 2000 pg 351). The research paper discusses about the research paper of Trevino and Nelson (2014 pg 14) about bad apples, and the identification of these bad apples for the betterment of the organization. However the study will also take into account the fact whether the removal of the employee is the right approach or some more can be done to eradicate this problem (Robinson Bennett, 2000 pg 353). There have been some elements and the factors that are associated from being ethical and that will be discussed in the course of this essay. Organizational Culture Creating Pressure One of the most critical elements of the ethical or non ethical behaviour is the pressure that is built by the organizations and its culture at large. There are pressures on the work environment that results in the decisions to be taken for the benefit of the organization and increasing its profitability. However ignoring the organizational context in being ethical is not right. There will always be pressures from the organization that will force a person to behave in a unethical manner (Jones, 2009 pg 533). Though identification of these improper behaviours is a must, it is not wise to say that the only problem that is created in the organization is by the employees. It has been noted in various researches that sometimes doing the right thing as per the leaders and bosses perceptions may result in the unethical behaviour from individuals end (Acquino, et al. 1999 pg 1088). In some cases the pressure to perform is to much a lure for the people to behave unethically. Unethical Behaviour and Bad Apples The theory of bad apples suggests that the unethical behaviour is the factor that is due to the bad apples. Removal of these bad apples causes the removal of the problems of the organization. The idea behind this theory was that the removal of bad apples causes the removal of the organizational problems and the leader will be able to clean it (Trevino et al.2003, p. 35). The debate has been whether the removal of the bad apples results in the ending of the problems and the issues of the ethics that are there in the organization. However, it has been noted that this is not the case, as there are always external environment that act as the barrier for the ethical behaviour. Therefore to blame the employees for the problems is not the right way to looking at things (Trevino et al. 1999 p. 150). Ethical Leadership Components An appropriate conduct for inducing ethical behaviour is required in the case of the organization. The role of the ethical leader is to create the code of conduct for the employees and creating effective communication. The reinforcement of the codes and conducts is also required so that the two way decision making is done (Brown et al. 2000 p.120). It is important for the leader to be ethical himself and the people should view the leader as being honest, and a person who can be trusted. Van den Akker et al. (2009) mentioned that the ethical leader is one who is able to lead by example and set the bars of ethics higher. He should make the employees follow. The people should be able to change there working and ethics so that the bad apples are turned good (Dalal, 2005 pg 1252). It is important that the leader is able to judge the misbehaviour that can hurt the organizational objectives (Vardi Wiener, 1996 pg 155). The basic factor in the organizational judgement that included the find ing of the bad apples that are responsible for the dent in the ethics, is also to find the route cause for the issues. Kalshoven et al. (2011) that the leader should be ethical in finding these causes that is helpful for the change in work behaviour in the positive manner. The stimulation for the unethical work is reduced if the leader is ethical and tries and tries and create effective communication to reduce theproblems. (Mayer et al. 2009, pg 12). There have been experiments that have found that the problem with the ethical standards and meeting is sometimes created by the leader himself (Lasthuizen, 2008). In some cases the people do not know that the work they are doing is unethical in nature and therefore causes the organization to suffer (Milgram 1974). The experiments by Milgram (1974) showed that the in case of some authoritative figure giving instruction to the employees to act in a unethical manner, chances were that the instruction was followed by the individual. The researches have shown that there is a definite level of discomfort in some cases that was caused of wrong doings in a pressure (Hogg et al. 2004 p.251). Conclusion The study clearly indicates that several factors are included in the person to behave unethically in the organization. The discussion of the employees and their behaviour to cheat or act in a unethical manner is sometimes governed by the culture of that organization. The employee acts and works in a manner in which its environment asks for. Therefore the onus is on various factors rather than only on the problems related to the employees being unethical. In order to curb the situations and causes of the unethical behaviour, it is important that the leader is ethical himself and trustworthy. He should be able to communicate with the employees and set the code of conduct for them, which should also be implemented in a time based manner. The role of the leader is therefore critical and he should be able to judge and correct the behaviours of the employees. The study also highlighted that the pressure on the employees the leader should be ethical in finding these causes that is helpful for the change in work behaviour in the positive manner. The stimulation for the unethical work is reduced if the leader is ethical and tries and tries and create effective communication to reduce the problems (Mayer et al. 2009, pg 12). There have been experiments that have found that the problem with the ethical standards and meeting is sometimes created by the leader himself (Lasthuizen, 2008). In some cases the people do not know that the work they are doing is unethical in nature and therefore causes the organization to suffer (Milgram 1974). The experiments by Milgram (1974) showed that the in case of some authoritative figure giving instruction to the employees to act in a unethical manner, chances were that the instruction was f ollowed by the individual. The researches have shown that there is a definite level of discomfort in some cases that was caused of wrong doings in a pressure (Hogg et al. 2004 p. 251).